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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, mainly affecting the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration are the main pathological mechanisms leading to clinical manifestations. However, the exact cause of MS remains unknown. The most widely accepted theory is that MS begins as an inflammatory immune-mediated disease characterized by autoreactive lymphocytes, later dominated by microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration.
About 2.8 million people worldwide suffer from multiple sclerosis, with an average of 35.9 per 100,000 affected. Prevalence varies significantly by region and is often associated with geography and ethnicity. High-prevalence areas include Europe, southern Canada, North America, New Zealand, and southeastern Australia, with incidence ranging from 60 to 300 per 100,000. Countries near the equator report lower prevalence, with Asia and Africa averaging about 5 per 100,000. In China, MS is considered low-prevalence, but recent studies show rates are gradually increasing.
The average age of onset is 28–31 years, with clinical disease usually becoming apparent between ages 15–45, though it may occasionally occur as early as infancy or as late as after age 60. Women generally develop symptoms a few years earlier than men.
The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are diverse, depending on the affected neurological regions. Major harms include:
① Motor dysfunction: Muscle weakness, poor coordination, unsteady gait, and in severe cases, difficulty walking or paralysis.
② Sensory abnormalities: Numbness, tingling, burning sensations, and other sensory disturbances affecting quality of life.
③ Vision problems: Blurred vision, visual field defects, or even vision loss, often due to optic neuritis.
④ Cognitive and emotional disorders: Poor concentration, memory decline, depression, and anxiety.
⑤ Bladder and bowel dysfunction: Urgency, incontinence, or constipation.
These symptoms may relapse and gradually worsen, severely impacting patients’ quality of life and work capacity.
Currently, there is no cure for multiple sclerosis, but several treatment strategies can slow progression and relieve symptoms.
Stem cell therapy
Neuroregenerative strategies centered on stem cell therapy represent the most promising treatment approach for MS after traditional therapies. Stem cells can promote nerve regeneration, repair damaged myelin and neurons, and provide structural restoration for multiple sclerosis.
① Immunomodulatory effects to reduce myelin destruction;
② Promote nerve regeneration, improving motor and sensory functions;
③ High safety, suitable for multiple subtypes of patients;
④ Potentially reduce reliance on traditional immunosuppressants;
⑤ More effective under guidance of specialized institutions.
1. Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy
This approach uses drugs such as interferons, immunoglobulins, and anti-CD20 antibodies to suppress abnormal immune attacks, reduce relapse frequency, and control inflammation. It is especially effective for relapsing-remitting patients.
2. Acute phase treatment: During acute exacerbations, high-dose corticosteroids (such as methylprednisolone) are used to reduce inflammation and shorten disease duration. Plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin may also be required in certain cases.
3. Rehabilitation and supportive therapy
Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech rehabilitation can slow disability progression and improve independent living abilities. Psychological counseling and family support are also indispensable.
Experts at United Life International Medical Center emphasize that multiple sclerosis is a complex disease with prevalence varying by region and ethnicity. Although no cure currently exists, patients can effectively manage symptoms and improve quality of life through comprehensive treatment and support.
